Civil War and the End of the Republic (Bella Civilia)
Conflict involving Marius, Sulla, Spartacus, Catiline, Caesar, Pompey, Antony, and Octavian weakened republican government. Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC and was assassinated in 44 BC; Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BC.
Grade 8. Places and stories.
How it connects
The sequence shows how ambition, political violence, and military loyalty can hollow out lawful institutions. Ordered government requires virtue as well as rules.
Latin words that go with this card: bellum, consul, senatus, imperator, lex.