Latin grammar topics

Grammar in Latin Launchpad starts with sounds and endings in the elementary years and moves to clauses, participles, and reading syntax in Year 4. Each topic below is a lesson students can open in the app.

The notes on these pages are the course's own explanations. Practice still happens in the interactive lesson, where the checks and printables live.

Year 1 · Grade 3

• Year 1 · Grade 3: Endings Change Meaning — Notice how Latin changes word endings to show one, many, and a word's job.
• Year 1 · Grade 3: Latin Letters and Sounds — Practice the first pronunciation clues: letters, vowels, diphthongs, and accent.

Year 2 · Grade 4

• Year 2 · Grade 4: One or Many? — Practice the first noun patterns for singular and plural subjects.
• Year 2 · Grade 4: Present Action Endings — Learn how the endings of amo tell who is doing the action.
• Year 2 · Grade 4: Little Words in a Phrase — Learn ad, in, cum, and ex as whole phrases. The case rules come later.
• Year 2 · Grade 4: I, You, and Who — Meet ego, tu, nos, vos, quis, and quid as the words for I, you, and who.
• Year 2 · Grade 4: Asking a Question — Recognize Quid est, Ubi est, Cur, Quando, and Quomodo as spoken chunks.

Year 3 · Grade 5

• Year 3 · Grade 5: Subject or Object? — Use endings to tell who acts and who receives the action.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: Sum, Es, Est — Practice the present forms of sum, the verb "to be."
• Year 3 · Grade 5: Stems and Emphasis — Use the genitive to find a noun stem and notice when Latin states a subject pronoun.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: Declension Review — Review how noun patterns keep the same case jobs across different declensions.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: Of and To — Recognize of and to on puella and servus. A full chart of endings waits until Year 4A.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: With and From — Read with, from, in, and without as phrases. Year 4A names the case.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: Was Doing — Recognize was and used to on amo-type verbs, plus erat and erant. The future waits.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: Do! and To Do — Tell a singular command from the to-form. Plural commands wait until Year 4A.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: A Good Girl — Match bonus to puella, puer, and donum in the subject form and the receiver form.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: King and Father — Recognize the subject and receiver forms of rex, miles, pater, and nomen. The full chart waits.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: One to Ten — Count unus through decem, and read the numerals I through X. Larger signs stay in Year 4A.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: And, Or, and Because — Recognize -que, -ne, aut, quod, quot, and igitur as chunks. No chart yet.
• Year 3 · Grade 5: Happily and Bravely — Recognize adverbs in -e and -iter. Do not build a chart.

Year 4A · Grade 6

• Year 4A · Grade 6: The Five Case Jobs — Put the five case jobs together. Years 2 and 3 met some of them one at a time. A class starting here learns all five.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: Declension Patterns — Compare first- and second-declension endings. This reviews the noun patterns from Years 2 and 3.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: Adjectives Agree — Match adjectives to their nouns. Year 3 matched a few subject and receiver pairs. This lesson adds the other cases.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: Prepositions Choose a Case — Sort prepositions by case. Year 2 learned a few phrases as chunks, and Year 3 met with and from. This lesson names the case.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: Commands and Infinitives — Review singular commands and to-forms from Year 3, and add the plural command.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: Roman Numerals and Number Words — Review I through X from Year 3, then read the larger signs through M and count to twenty.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: I Have Loved — Learn the have-done forms of amo only. Other verbs keep this pattern for later.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: I Can and Do Not — Learn possum, potes, and potest, and the warning noli or nolite plus a to-form.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: Calling a Name — Use the calling form for Marcus, a girl, a son, a friend, and a servant.
• Year 4A · Grade 6: How It Is Done — Practice the adverbs from Year 3, and notice -e, -iter, and one special word.

Year 4B · Grade 7

• Year 4B · Grade 7: Third-Declension Clues — Use the genitive to find the stem, then attach the right case ending.
• Year 4B · Grade 7: Pronouns in Place — Recognize personal, demonstrative, and relative pronouns in context.
• Year 4B · Grade 7: Third and Fourth Conjugations — Compare present-system forms and recognize how Latin tenses map into English.
• Year 4B · Grade 7: Syntax and Agreement — Connect case functions, prepositions, conjunctions, and agreement rules.

Year 4C · Grade 8

• Year 4C · Grade 8: Perfect and Passive Signals — Spot completed-action endings and passive voice clues.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Participles and Comparison — Review verbal adjectives and the Latin forms for more and most.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Perfect Stems and Ablatives — Build perfect forms and distinguish an instrument from a living agent.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Sentence Patterns and Pronoun Families — Label common sentence jobs and distinguish major pronoun families.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Infinitives and Possession — Practice indirect statement, possessive adjectives, and participles as verbal adjectives.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: The Complete Verb System — Organize Latin verbs by tense, voice, and the principal part used to build each form.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Impersonal Verbs — Learn verbs that stay in the third person singular: oportet, decet, licet, videtur, and necesse est.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Questions and Short Commands — Ask with num, nonne, and -ne, and learn the short commands dic, duc, fac, and fer.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Time and Space — Choose the ablative for when and within which time, and the accusative for how long.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Comparison and Reflexives — Compare with quam or the ablative, and keep se and suus pointed at the subject.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Numbers and Idioms — Count with cardinals and ordinals, and learn three phrases that do not translate word by word.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Subjunctive Forms — Build the four subjunctive tenses and notice when Latin is not stating a plain fact.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Purpose and Result — Tell a purpose clause from a result clause, and choose the subjunctive that matches the main verb.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Indirect Command and Question — Report an order with ut or ne, and report a question with the subjunctive.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Cum Clauses and Fear — Read cum with the subjunctive as when, since, or although, and learn the backward ne of fearing.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Conditions — Match indicative facts, future conditions, and contrary-to-fact conditions.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: The Ablative Absolute — Read a noun and a participle in the ablative as a scene set beside the main sentence.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Gerund and Gerundive — Use the gerund as a verbal noun, and let the gerundive agree with a real noun.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Periphrastics — Combine a future participle with sum to say about to or must.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Deponents and Semi-deponents — Read passive endings as active meanings, and notice verbs that change only in the perfect.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Place, Supines, and Special Cases — Learn the locative, the two supines, and verbs that take a dative or an ablative object.
• Year 4C · Grade 8: Hexameter on Real Lines — Name the feet, the pause, and a repeated pattern in two lines of Ovid.